Bichirs Have a Number of Other Primitive Characteristics

The bichirs and reedfish (also called ropefish) comprise the Polypteridae, a family of archaic-looking ray-finned fishes and the sole family in the order Polypteriformes. All species occur in freshwater habitats in tropical Africa and the Nile River system, mainly swampy, shallow floodplains and estuaries. Bichirs are considered the sister group to all other extant ray-finned fishes.

Bichirs are elongated fish with a unique series of dorsal finlets which vary in number from 7 to 18, instead of a single dorsal fin. Each of the dorsal finlets has bifid (double-edged) tips, and are the only fins with spines; the rest of the fins are composed of soft rays. The body is covered in thick, bonelike, and trapezoidal (ganoid) scales. Their jaw structure more closely resembles that of the tetrapods than that of the teleost fishes. Bichirs have a number of other primitive characteristics, including fleshy pectoral fins superficially similar to those of lobe-finned fishes. They also have a pair of slit-like spiracles used to exhale air, two gular plates, and paired ventral lungs (the left lung shorter than the right). Four pairs of gill arches are present.

Bichirs have a maximum body length of 97 cm (38 in). Bichirs are nocturnal and feed on small vertebrates, crustaceans, and insects. Bichirs are popular subjects of public and large hobby aquaria. They are sometimes called dragon bichir or dragon fin in pet shops for a more appealing name due to their dragon-like appearance. Though predatory, they are otherwise peaceful and relatively inactive, preferring to lie on the bottom, and make good tankmates with other species large enough not to be prey. Bichirs in captivity have life expectancies up to 10 years.

Oscar Eat Fruit in the Wild

Astronotus ocellatus is a species of fish from the cichlid family known under a variety of common names, including oscar, tiger oscar, velvet cichlid, and marble cichlid. In South America, where the species naturally resides, A. ocellatus (oscar) specimens are often found for sale as a food fish in the local markets. The fish has been introduced to other areas, including China, Australia, and the United States. It is considered a popular aquarium fish in the U.S.

A. ocellatus (oscar) examples have been reported to grow to about 45 cm (18 in) in length and 1.6 kilograms (3.5 lb) in weight.  The wild-caught forms of the species are typically darkly coloured with yellow-ringed spots or ocelli on the caudal peduncle and on the dorsal fin. These ocelli have been suggested to function to limit fin-nipping by piranha (Serrasalmus spp.), which co-occur with A. ocellatus in its natural environment. The species is also able to rapidly alter its colouration, a trait which facilitates ritualised territorial and combat behaviours amongst conspecifics.  Juvenile oscars have a different colouration from adults, and are striped with white and orange wavy bands and have spotted heads.

In the aquarium hobby oscars may be fed prepared fish food designed for large carnivorous fish: crayfish, worms, and insects (such as flies, crickets and grasshoppers). Feeding live foods may increase the rate of growth but also may cause endoparasites. Poultry and/or mammalian flesh, including beefheart, should not be fed long term as these fatty foods will contribute to fatty liver disease. Since these fish eat fruit in the wild, items such as melons, oranges, and other fruits can also be used as a type of food. Just about anything that falls into the water would be eaten by oscars. Live feeder fish can be given, but fish such as goldfish and rosy red feeder minnows should not be fed. These contain an enzyme (thiaminase) within their flesh which binds vitamin B₁, leading to deficiency.

Cichlids are Primarily Herbivores

Cichlids span a wide range of body sizes, from species as small as 2.5 cm (0.98 in) in length to much larger species approaching 1 m (3.3 ft) in length. As a group, cichlids exhibit a similar diversity of body shapes, ranging from strongly laterally compressed species to species that are cylindrical and highly elongated. Generally, however, cichlids tend to be of medium size, ovate in shape, and slightly laterally compressed, and generally similar to the North American sunfishes in morphology, behavior, and ecology.

Cichlids are particularly well known for having evolved rapidly into a large number of closely related but morphologically diverse species within large lakes, particularly Tanganyika, Victoria, Malawi, and Edward. Their diversity in the African Great Lakes is important for the study of speciation in evolution. Many cichlids introduced into waters outside of their natural range have become nuisances, such as tilapia in the southern United States.

Many cichlids are primarily herbivores, feeding on algae (e.g. Petrochromis) and plants (e.g. Etroplus suratensis). Small animals, particularly invertebrates, are only a minor part of their diets.

Other cichlids are detritivores and eat organic material, called Aufwuchs; among these species are the tilapiines of the genera Oreochromis, Sarotherodon, and Tilapia.

Other cichlids are predatory and eat little or no plant matter. These include generalists that catch a variety of small animals, including other fishes and insect larvae (e.g. Pterophyllum), as well as variety of specialists. Trematocranus is a specialized snail-eater, while Pungu maclareni feeds on sponges. A number of cichlids feed on other fish, either entirely or in part. Crenicichla species are stealth-predators that lunge from concealment at passing small fish, while Rhamphochromis species are open-water pursuit predators that chase down their prey. Paedophagous cichlids such as the Caprichromis species eat other species' eggs or young, in some cases ramming the heads of mouthbrooding species to force them to disgorge their young. Among the more unusual feeding strategies are those of Corematodus, Docimodus evelynae, Plecodus, Perissodus, and Genyochromis spp., which feed on scales and fins of other fishes, a behavior known as lepidophagy, along with the death-mimicking behaviour of Nimbochromis and Parachromis species, which lay motionless, luring small fish to their side prior to ambush.

This variety of feeding styles has helped cichlids to inhabit similarly varied habitats. Its pharyngeal teeth (teeth in the throat) afford cichlids so many "niche" feeding strategies, because the jaws pick and hold food, while the pharyngeal teeth crush the prey.

Turtles are reptiles

Turtles are reptiles. there are turtles that eat plants (herbivores), eat meat (carnivores) or mixed (omnivore).
Turtles do not have teeth, but the mouth of the bones in the snout could cut whatever he eats.
Female turtles will lay eggs, the female turtle is bigger than the male.
Pet turtle is easy to care. in a pond or aquarium turtle can live more than 5 years.

Egeria densa

Egeria densa is one ornamental plants in the aquarium. Originating from South America, Egeria densa cylindrical rod, can be branched or not. The roots can grow from both ends of the rod. Long leaves about 1 - 2.5 cm, with a width of up to 4 mm. The leaves grow along the stem, forming a circle around the stem.
Egeria densa can adapt to environmental conditions and levels of nutrients, especially phosphorus. Egeria densa requires low light intensity and did not like the high light intensity. High water temperatures (> 33 ° C) and high light intensity can cause biological aging (senescence).

Artificial Gravel

Artificial gravel usually made of colored cement that shaped or molded.
Before being put in the aquarium, an artificial gravel should first be soaked in water for 24 hours to eliminate odors, grease or dirt that could interfere to fish.
Use of artificial gravel with base material is colored, do not use artificial gravel in the given color as the paint.
Color and shape of artificial gravel is more diverse than the natural gravel as sand, colors of artificial gravel can be customized with the color of fish and artificial gravel size can be adjusted to the size of the aquarium.
We recommend using gravel with varying sizes in the aquarium to allow more space between the gravel that can withstand dirt without holding water circulation.